Monday, 21 May 2012

Seniority cannot be from date of ad hoc appointment: HC


Allahabad, May 21, 2012(PTI): The Allahabad High Court has ruled that the seniority of an employee shall be decided only from the date of regularisation of the service, and services rendered on an ad hoc basis cannot be taken into account for the purpose.
Justice Sabhajeet Yadav on May 17 had passed this order while dismissing petitions of Ashok Kumar Pandey and 13 other clerks of the Allahabad District Court.
The petitioners had challenged the order of the District Court delivered in 2001.
They had contended the Judge had erred in holding other clerks, who were transferred to the District Court between October 14, 1992 and May 21, 1993, as senior to those who had been appointed on an ad hoc basis between October 1, 1986 and May 24, 1989 and were regularised on August 5, 1993.
The High Court said the “seniority shall be counted from the date of substantive appointment that is from the date of regularisation.”
“Services rendered on an ad hoc basis earlier cannot be counted for the purpose of seniority,” it said.

100 MODEL QUESTIONS FOR IPO & PM GRADE 1 EXAM BASED ON PO GUIDE-I

POSTOFFICE GUIDE PART- I QN 1 TO 100

(RULE &REGULATION RELATING TO INLAND POST)


1. Night Post Office may extend up to and by

a) 0830 pm ,DG posts              b) 0700pm,HOC
c) 1000pm, PMG                       d) 0600pm,SSP                 Ans: a

2. Franking machine has

a) Value die                               b) License die
c) Both a&b                               c) None of this                 Ans :c

3. Franking article can be posted by
a) Any post office                      b) Only two post office
c) Head office                            d) All sub offices                Ans :b

4. Franking machine license is issued by

a) Head of the cirlcle                 b) Head of the division
c) DG posts                                d) Any of these                      Ans :b

5. Window delivery ticket is a

a) Daily docket                           b) The receipt given by po
c) ID of Franking machine licensee’s representative
d) None of these                                                                     Ans :c

6. Rebate available at the time of reset of meter is

a) 2%                                           b) 3%
c) 5%                                           d) none of these                  Ans :b



7. Error on franking impression the refund will be claimed by firm/institute within_____ and ___ of less deduction.

a) two month, 2% b) three month, 4%
c) one month, 5% d) six month, 1% Ans: c

8. Franking meter reset will be made by

a) PA b) Postman
c) LSG postmaster d) PRI and above status Ans : d

9. More than one impression of value die but not more than 1 licensee die allowed.

a) Correct b) Incorrect Ans :a

10 Prepayment of postage on cash facility is authorized by and how much letter may be posted to have these facility.

a) HOC, UR-500 big city and 250 small city, Reg -50
b) DG post, UR-1000 big city and 500 small city, Reg -100
c) Head of the division UR-5000 big city and 1000 small city, Reg -500
d) None of these Ans :a

11. Recall of postal article fee for each article is

a) 9/- b) 6/-
c) 3/- d) Free of cost Ans :b
(in shape of postage)

12 Window delivery will be made in case of insured article vale is more than

a) 500 b) 100
c) 200 d) No limit Ans :a



13. Limit of detain article in post office which are received for delivery inland & foreign article

a) 15 days and 30 days b) 7 and 15 days
c) 30 days and 45 days d) None of these Ans :b

14. Fee for availing post box facility is

a) 150 per year and 50 per quarterly, b) 250 per year / 100 quarterly
c) 100 per year / 50 quarterly d) None of these Ans :a

15. Fee for availing facility of box and post bag is combine is

a) 150 per year and 50 per quarterly, b) 250 per year / 80 quarterly
c) 100 per year / 50 quarterly d) None of these Ans :b

16. Cost of window delivery ticket is

a) 9/- b) 6/-
c) 3/- d) Free of cost Ans :d

17. Cost of Identity card is

a) 9/- b) 6/-
c) 3/- d) Free of cost Ans :a

18. Validity period of ID card is

a) 1 Year b) 2 Year
c) Six month d) 3 year Ans: d

19. Postal Restante article can be detained in post office

a) 7 days b) 1 month
c) 15 days d) Cann not be detain Ans :b

20. Redirection fee of parcels within delivery area /original address and sender in case of unclaimed parcel is

a) 9/- b) 6/-
c) 3/- d) free of cost Ans: d

21. Redirection fee of parcels except delivery area /original address is

a) Postage plus registration fee b) Full postage
c) Half the prepaid rate d) Free of cost Ans: d

22. Suggestion & complaint book are maintained by

a) HO b) BO
c) Circle office d) All post office Ans: d

23. Size limit of ID card is

a) 88mmX 63mm a) 100mmX 70mm
c) 11mmX 22mm d) None of these Ans: a

24. Instruction regarding change of residence is valid for

a) 1 month b) 1 year
c) 3 month d) 5 year Ans: c

25. Authority to whom complaint should be addressed

a) Local Supdt.and PM in case first class PO. b) HOC
c) DG Posts d) PMG Ans: a


26. Circle complaint officer is

a) Vigilance officer b) CPMG
c) PMg d) Head of division Ans: a
(Vigilance officer has attachéd to the HQ of each circle)

27. Period within complaints should be prepared in case of VP, loss /damage of regd& ins article, other complaint related to inland post, miscarriage /destruction of postal order & SP is

a) 12 month, 3 month, 6 month, 12 month, 1 month
b) 24 month, 6 month, 9 month, 1 month, 2 month
c) 36 month, 1 month, 6 month, 9 month, 2 month
d) 6 month, 3 month3 month, 9 month, 1 month Ans: a
for more question visit http://abkantharaja.blogspot.in

28. legal responsibility of post office is exempted from

a) Any fault by induvidual
b) Loss, mis delivery or delay of , or damage to, any postal article in course of transmission by post
c) wrong payment or delay in payment by foreign postal administration of money order issued in India.
d) All the above Ans : d

29. Article addressed to deceased person

a) Delivery such articles to any near relative of the deceased who may have applied for them in case uninsured article.
b) Delivery such articles to any near relative of the deceased who may have applied for them in case do not appear to contain any valuable property
c) Delivery such articles to any near relative of the deceased who may have applied for them in case no counter –claimant or likelihood of dispute.
d) All the above Ans; d

30. Size limit of letter and roll is

a) Min11X7cm & max 60X90cm, min 10X17cm & max 88X100cm
b) Min10X7cm & max 50X100cm, min 15X25cm &max 80X100cm
c) Min11X22cm & max 60X40cm, min 20X17cm &max 90X100cm
d) None of these Ans : a

31. Size limit of Inland letter card folded and unfolded is

a) Min15.2X9cm & max 21X10cm, min 28.2X18.2cm max 30X21cm
b) Min10X7cm & max 50X100cm, min 15X25cm &max 80X100cm
c) Min11X22cm & max 60X40cm, min 20X17cm &max 90X100cm
d) None of these Ans : a

32. Post card of private manufacture size limit is

a) Min10X7cm & max 50X100cm, min 15X25cm &max 80X100cm
b) Max 15 cm x 10.5 Cm min 10X7 cm
c) Min11X22cm & max 60X40cm, min 20X17cm &max 90X100cm
d) None of these Ans: b

33. Recorded delivery fee and intimation fee is

a) 3, 4 b) 5,6
c) 2,1 d) None of these Ans: c

34. Complaint can be made in case of recorded delivery is within

a) One month b) Six month
b) Two month d) Cannot be made Ans: b



35. Fee for availing business reply service

a) Apr to Jun -100, Jul to Sep-75, Oct to Dec-50, Jan to Mar -25
b) Apr to Jun -200, Jul to Sep-150, Oct to Dec-100, Jan to Mar -50
c) Apr to Jun -250, Jul to Sep-150, Oct to Dec-75, Jan to Mar -50
d) Free of cost Ans: b

36. Book packet may contain

a) News papers, publications of all kinds,
b) Printed books, paper, parchment
c) Cardboard either blank or printed
d) All the above Ans: d

37. Size limit of book packet roll and other than roll is

a) Min 10X17 cm & max 80X100, 10X7 cm & 60X30X30 cm
b) Max 15 cm x 10.5 Cm min 10X7 cm
c) Min11X22cm & max 60X40cm, min 20X17cm &max 90X100cm
d) None of these Ans: a

38. The weight limit of book packet is

a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 5 kg Ans; d

39. The weight limit of book packet containing periodicals is

a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 5 kg Ans; d

39. The weight limit of book pattern and sample packets is

a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 5 kg Ans; b

40. The weight limit blind literature packet is

a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 7 kg Ans; d

41. The following charge are exempted to blind literature packet

a) Registration b) Fee for ackn
c) Fee for the attested copy of receipt d) All the above Ans :d

42. License for Registered newspaper is issued by

a) DG Posts b) Head of the circle
c) SSP/SP d) PMG Ans: c

43. Security fee for availing registered newspaper facility is daily newspaper- 1 month cost, weekly- 10 week cost, fortnightly- 21/2 moth cost, monthly- 2 month cost.

a) Above statement is true b) Above statement is false Ans: a

44. Late fee for renewal of regd news paper is

. a) 5/- b) 6/-
c) 3/- d) Free of cost Ans :a

45. Renewal charge of reg news paper is

a) 5/- b) 6/-
c) 3/- d) Free of cost Ans :d


46. Parcel can be sent by UR up to

a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 5 kg Ans :a

47. Parcel can be booked at BO is

a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 10 kg Ans:d

48 Parcel can be booked at SO is

. a) 4 Kg b) 2 Kg
c) 20 kg d) 10 kg Ans:c

49. Max size limit of parcel is

a) Length 1 mtr and length and girth is 1.80mtr
a) Length 2 mtr and length and girth is 1.900mtr
a) Length 3 mtr and length and girth is 1.20mtr
a) None of these Ans:a

50. No compensation will be payable in case

a) For loss or damage caused by the fault or negligence of the sender
b) Article is prohibited by transmission by post
c) For damage in case in which the contents of the registered article are liquid or perishable articles or articles of and exceptionally fragile nature.
d) All the above Ans d

(Prepared by AB Kantharaja, Mobile 08969822340






continuation of prev..............

51. In which cases registration is compulsory

a) Any parcel exceed 4 kg b) Any insured artidle
c) Any VP article d) All the above Ans:d

52. Insured article limit in case currency note and any value of article

a) 1,00,000 & 10,000 b) 20,000 & 1,00,000
c) 10,000 & 50,000 d) None of these Ans: b

53. The following articles can be transmitted by air without any additional charge

a) Parcel b) All first class mail and money order
c) Book packet d) All the above Ans: b

54. Limit to branch office for booking of insured article is

a) 1,00,000 b) 20,000
c) 600 d) No limit Ans: c

55. The following cases insurance is compulsory when article contain
a) Coin b) Currency
c) Jewellary d) All the above Ans : d

56. The prepayment of all charges on insured articles namely postage, registration and insurance fee is compulsory

Above statement is
a) True b) False Ans a


57. VP article can be booked up to

a) 2000 b) 5000
c) 20000 d) No limit Ans:b

58. Demurrage charge on VP article is recovered from addressee after

a) 3 days b) 7 days
c) 30 days d) None of these Ans: b

59. Demurrage charge on letter and parcel is Rs

a) 2,3 b) 6,9
c) 1,2 d) No demurrage Ans a

60. Enquiry/complaint of VP article fee is

a) 5 b) 3
c) 1 d) Free of cost Ans c (in shape of stamp)
61. Alteration of Post office of money order fee is

a) 5 b) 3
c) 1 d) Free of cost Ans d

62. Alteration of payee name of money order fee is

a) Second commission b) 10
c) 1 d) Free of charge Ans a

63. Money order neither paid to payee nor remitter called as

a) Dead money order b) Void money order
c) Cancelled money order d) None of these Ans : b

64. Money order became void after

a) One month b) Two month
c) One year d) Last date of following month Ans : d

65. Currency period of IPO

a) One year b) Two year
c) Six month d) Three year Ans : b

66. IPO can be paid on second commission up to

a) One year b) Two year
c) Six month d) Three year Ans : d

67. Book packets containing printed book only rate for 100gm is

a) 5 b) 3
c) 1 d) 4 Ans c

68. Book packet containing periodicals registered rate is

Up to 20/-
Rs21 to Rs50
Above Rs50
Up to 100gm
2
4
8
Addl 100gm
3
5
9

69. Registered newspaper single copy (max 5 kg) rate is
a) Up to 50 gm- 0.25 b) Exceeding 50 gm to 100gm-0.50
c) Addl 100gm- 0.20 d) All the above are correct Ans :d

-13-

70. Registered news paper more than one copy of same issue rate is

a) Up to 100gm- 0.50 b) Addl 100gm is -0.20
c) Correct d) None of the Ans: c

71. Attested copy of addressee’s receipt charge is

a) 1 b) 2
c) 5 d) Free of charge Ans :b

72. Parcel (Max 4 Kg) rate is

a) First 500 gm -19 b) Addl 500 gm- 16
c) Home delivery fee above 5 kg- Rs 5 d) All are correct Ans:d
73. Insurance fee is

a) Value of ins does not exceed Rs 200/ is - 100
b) Addl Rs 100 is - 6/-
c) All the above are correct
d) None of these correct Ans : c

74. Value payable article VP fee is

a) Up to 20/- Rs 2/- b) Exceeding 20/- to 50/- Rs 3/-
c) Exceeding 50/- Rs 5/- d) All the above correct Ans d

75. Late fee for each article registered and un registered is

a) 3,4 b) 3,2
c) 1,2 d) 4,5 Ans : b

76. Fee for Identity card is

a) 6 b) 3
c) 9 d) 10 Ans : c

77. Air mail fee packets (other than Letters, Postcards and Parcels) is

a) First 50gm or fraction thereof 2/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 1/-
b) First 50gm or fraction thereof 1/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 2/-
c) First 50gm or fraction thereof 0.50/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 1/-
d) Firrst 50gm or fraction thereof 2/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 3/- Ans: a
(for more questions visit http://abkantharaja.blogspot.in)

78. Air mail fee for parcel is

a) First 50gm 2/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 1/-
b) First 50gm or fraction thereof 1/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 2/-
c) First 50gm or fraction thereof 0.50/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 1/-
d) First 50gm or fraction thereof 2/-, addl 50gm or faction thereof 3/- Ans: a

79. One India one rate speed post charge for 50gm is

a) 17 b) 12
c) 22 d) 25 Ans : d

80. Post offices which function from a specially designed van moving to different fixed point is

a) Mobile post office b) Van post office
c) Mobile branch post office d) Det post office Ans : a

81. Post offices in charge of ED agents are kept open for a max period of

a) 4 hr b) 2 hr
c) 3 hr d) 5 hr Ans :d

82. A postal franking machine is a stamping machine intended to stamp impressions of dies of approved design on private and official postal articles in payment of

a) Postage and postal fee b) Handling charges
c) Franking charges d) Special fee Ans :a

83. The licensee is also entitled a commission on the value of frank used

a) 6% b) 3%
c) 9% d) 5% Ans : b

84. A parcel weighing above 10KGs in weight will be delivered only at the

a) Through postman b) Trough mail van
c) Post office window d) None of these Ans : c

85. Articles the addresses of which are so illegible or incomplete as to render delivery impossible are called

a) Insufficient address article b) Undeliverable articles
c) Refused article d) Undelivered articles Ans: b


86. Articles refused by addresses are called

a) Insufficient address article b) Undeliverable articles
c) Refused article d) Undelivered articles Ans: d

87. The SP/First class PM may grant compensation to the sender of a regd article up to

a) 500 b) 200
c) 1000 d) 100 Ans : d

88. Machine franked articles can be posted in letter boxes above statement is

a) True b) False
c) Cannot say d) None of these Ans : b

89. Identity card are issued by

a) Circle office b) Head office
c) Branch office d) All HOs and SOs Ans: d

90. Duplicate Identity card fee is

a) Same fresh fee b) Half rate of the fee
c) Free of cost d) None of these Ans :a

91. The franked articles will be tendered at the counter secured in separate bundles and identification of the licensee’s representative must accompanied

a) Ration card b) Aadhar card
c) Window delivery ticket d) Id card 
Ans: c

92. with the last dispatch of the day_____ in the prescribed form should also be tendered at the office of posting, duly filled up, signed and dated

a) Authority letter b) Daily docket
c) Weekly docket d) None of these 
Ans : b

93. Handling charges of envelope for business reply card in addition to postage per article is

a) 2/- b) 3/-
c) 1/- d) Free of charge 
Ans: c

94. Bulk bags should be so closed as to enable the post office inspect the contents each bag should weigh not less than ____ and not more than_______

a) 10Kg & 30 Kg b) 20 Kg & 30 Kg
c) 5 Kg & 30 Kg d) 5 Kg & 20 Kg 

Ans c
  
95. Window delivery ticket is  
a) Daily docket
b) The receipt given to post box holder
c) Identification of franking machine licensee’s representative
d) None of these 

Ans: c

96. Any postal article can be redirected

a) By the office of posting b) By the office of destination
c) By any intermediate office d) None of these 

Ans: b(68)

97. Registered newspaper are accepted without payment of late fee on all days including Sundays and Post Office holiday at

a) Press sorting office b) RMS offices
c) Night Post office d) All the above 

Ans:d(C-7)

98. Articles addressed to the deceased persons

a) Shall be returned to RLO b) Shall be deld to he addressee
c) At the discretion of the PM d) Shall be returned to the sender 

Ans:c(10)

99. Franked article should be

a) Handed over to Sorting PA b) Handed over to Registration PA
c) Handed over to Treasurer d) Presented at the counter 

Ans:d(11)

100 A book packet posted in excess of prescribed size and weight

a) Should be returned to the sender
b) Should be delivered to the address
c) Should be forwarded to the office of delivery after taxing
d) Should be forwarded to the foffice of delivery without taxing 

Ans: a(127)



For more always visit: www.katiharho.blogspot.in

MODEL QUESTIONS FOR IPO & PM GRADE 1 EXAM Postal Manual Vol VI Part II Qn 51-75

(Postal Manual Vol VI Part II Qn 51-75)


51.       When a MO paid to a wrong person and the claimant urges for payment before recovery of the amount from the wrong perosn
a)                 It cannot be done
b)                 Claim can be admitted on getting on indemnity bond
c)                  Payment can be made on proper sanction from the head of the division
d)                 Payment can be made on proper sanction form the head of the circle 
Ans:c(42)
52.       If the addressee of the VP article complain that he had been defrauded by the sender
a)                 The amount collected can be returned to the addressee
b)                 The amount can be kept under suspense and case referred to office of posting
c)                  The amount to be credited under UCR and case referred to Head of the Cirlce
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:c(51)
53.       An Indian Postal Order presented for payment not bearing the round MO stamp of office of issue
a)                 Cannot be paid                               
b)                 Can be paid after necessary verification from the office of issue
c)                  Will be returned to office of issue for suplly of omission and paid
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:b(189)

54.       The cases in which defective IPOs be paid without reference to higher authority
a)                 The IPO was first erroneously receipted by a person other than the payee entire cancelled and properly receipted by the payee.
b)                 Receipting signature of the payee scored out by mistake or for defective one and properly receipted.
c)                  Where the IPO was erroneously receipted the purchaser, it subsequently cancelled and receipted by the payee.
d)                 All the above                                                                                                 Ans:d(191)
55.       The period of currency of IPO with second commission
a)                 Three calendar month from the last day of the month the IPO was issued
b)                 Six month from the last day of the month the IPO was issued
c)                  24 months
d)                 36 months                                                                                                     Ans:d(195)
56.       The IPO presented after the expiry period of currency, but before the time for forfeiture
a)                 Cannot be paid
b)                 Can be paid on authority from the audit
c)                  Can be paid on payment of second commission by means of postage stamps
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:c(195)
57.       When an IPO is lost after payment.
a)                 An application should be made through the Supdt. of post office to the Head of the circle asking for permission to issue a certificate of payment
b)                 The application should contain serial number and the denomination of the missing order
c)                  Both the A and B
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:c(200)
58.       An IPO should not be paid to the payee it
a)                 The signature of the issuing postmaster is wanting
b)                 The round MO/special stamp of issuing office is not impressed.
c)                  Both the signature  of issuing Postmaster/ Round impression wanting
d)                 All the above                                                                                                 Ans:c(189)
59.       Refund of value of IPO can be granted to the purchaser
a)                 At the office of issue on production of counter foil or the purchaser is known to the post office
b)                 At any other office on production of counterfoil or the purchaser is known to the post office
c)                  Both the above
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:c(196)
                       (Prepared by AB Kantharaja, http://abkantharaja.blogspot.in)
60.       In the case of inland money order paid certificate of payment is issued by the postmaster of office of payment in the case of
a)                 Loss of MO after payment
b)                 If the MO acknowledgment is lost in transit and the remitter applies for it
c)                  Both the above
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:b(43)
.
61.       All MOs including VPMO will be treated a high value MO
a)                 For an amount of Rs 200/- and above
b)                 For an amount of Rs 500/- and above
c)                  For an amount of Rs 1000/- and above
d)                 For an amount of Rs 400/- and above                                                     Ans:d(87)
62.       Payment of crossed Indian Postal order will be made
a)                 By cash
b)                 Direct to the payee
c)                  Through PO Saving bank or any of the bank
d)                 All the above                                                                                                 Ans:c(192)
63.       BO slips are prepared by
            a)         HO                                                      b)         BO
            c)         SO(AO                                               d)         All the above                         Ans:c
64.       Min and Max cash balance for each SO will be fixed by
            a)         Head post master                             b)         Inspector/ ASP of the Sub division
            c)         PMG                                                   d)         Divisional Supdt.                 Ans:d
65.       If a money order cannot be paid owing to the death of the payee
a)                 It should be paid to his relatives in the address
b)                 It should be treated as an unclaimed order
c)                  It should be kept in deposit
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:b(70)
66.       A money order booked at the value of RS 1000/- received for payment without oblong stamp impression – the MO should be
a)                 Paid as usual
b)                 Case should be reported to office of issue detaining the MO
c)                  MO to be retuned to office of issue
d)                 Matter should be reported to Superintendent                                         Ans:b(23)
                    
67.       Witness is not necessary for delivery of
a)                 Regd article addressed to an illiterate addressee
b)                 An insured article received for delivery to a minor
c)                  MO for payment an illiterate payee
d)                 A TMO for payment to a payee without fingers
68.       What is the max limit of value of money order which may issued for payment by a Postman and Gp D in urban area, , village postman ED agent
            a)         12000,5000,5000                                         b)         5000,8000,10000
            b)         15000,10000,50000                                                d)         None of these           Ans:a
69.       A money order received but loss before payment
a)                 The postmaster should then give an intimation to the office of issue by telegraph/fax
b)                 After receiving the intimation the office of issue will prepare duplicate MO in MO 57 and forward to office of payment by service regd post
c)                  A report regarding the issue of a duplicate money order should be made to the home postal account office.
d)                 All the above                                                                                                 Ans:d
70.       Memo admission of payment in form MO 10(a) is prepared
a)                 When a MO loss after payment
b)                 When a MO loss before payment
c)                  Either A or B
d)                 Neither A nor B                                                                                            Ans:a
71.       Application for the payment of void MO should ordinarily be made within
a)                 One year from the date of issue of the money order
b)                 Two year from the date of issue of the money order
c)                  Six month from the date of issue of the money order
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:a
72.       16th of the every month_____ will be send void MO list to ______in form MO 19(b)
            a)         SO, HO,                                             b)         SO, Circle Account office
            c)         SO, Postal Account Office             d)         HO , Postal account office  Ans:d
73.       MO station bundle prepared ____MO for particular station
            a)         Five or more                                      b)         Three or more
            c)         Two or more                                      d)         Four or more                         Ans:c
74.       MO become void when
a)                 The MO not paid to payee or remitter
b)                 The MO not paid to payee or remitter at the end of the month following the month of its issue
c)                  The MO not paid to payee or remitter at the end of the year
d)                 None of these                                                                                               Ans:b
75.       Summary of MO issue and payment is prepared in
            a)         MO 17, MO 18                                   b)         MO 15, MO 16
            c)         MO 12, MO 13                                   d)         None of these                       Ans:a