A New vision for Postal department........

A New vision for Postal department

   New  plan for department  of  Posts   has  been  prepared by  Directorate of   Post.......

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   Please  click  Plan  for  future of  Postal  department 

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Negative Effects of Computers on Children

Computer technology has changed the way we deal with the world, from allowing us to communicate more efficiently to giving us easier access to cat videos. Newer generations are growing up with this technology, and while it does have its benefits, primarily in education and access to information, it can also be detrimental to children during a very important time of growth. Too much computer use can affect children's physiological and psychological health as well as social skills.

OBESITY & INJURY

Using the computer is a very sedentary activity; much like watching television, you don't get very much exercise simply sitting down. Computers add other health problems to the mix, however. Constant use of a keyboard and mouse can cause hand injuries, tendinitis, back problems and carpal tunnel syndrome. At a time when children are growing physically, it's especially important to note the benefits of physical activity.

ACADEMICS

Constant computer use can affect a child's attention span and focus. While some computer games have been shown to help a child develop certain cognitive skills, many games and other forms of computer entertainment do nothing to stimulate a child's mind. Constant switching between programs, games or videos makes it more difficult to focus on tasks for longer periods of time, and this can affect a student's studies and grades. In more extreme cases, children with computer addiction will fail their classes completely.

ADDICTION

Computer addiction is a very real thing, and once it starts, it's very difficult to stop. Addiction can develop when a child has too much unmoderated computer time or otherwise have too much freedom over what he does while using it. This can lead to symptoms of withdrawal whenever a child is away from the computer; he will avoid physical activity and become less social, hoping to spend more time on the computer. Setting a limit of a half hour to an hour of computer time per day is a good way to curb addiction while stressing the importance of other social and physical activities.

SOCIAL SKILLS

Computer use is also a very solitary activity, and it can go hand in hand with addiction. Children who spend more time on the computer than with others their age, or even other people in general, may fail to develop appropriate social skills. Social skills are important not only for communicating with others, but for developing self-esteem and working in social environments, both of which are very important for children growing up. Underdeveloped social skills can result in loneliness and depression which are detrimental to health, relationships and academics.

Courtesy : http://bnjho.blogspot.in

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Download call letters for SBI Probationary Officers exam (28.04.2013)

SBI is going to organize written test on 28th April 2013 for recruitment of Probationary Officers throughout the country. Candidates have to download the call letter for the exam from SBI site.

Download the Call Letter.
(If the candidates face any problem to download the call letter, they can refer to the FAQs provided by SBI)
Download the Frequently Asked Questions

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Hard Drives ... How It Works

If a computer's CPU is the thinking portion of your PC, the hard drive is its long-term memory--the nonvolatile place where data is stored.

A hard drive is a storage device that rapidly records and reads data represented by a collection of magnetized particles on spinning platters.

If a computer's CPU is the brain of the PC, the hard drive is its long-term memory--preserving data programs and your operating system even while the machine is asleep or off. Most people will never see the inside of a hard drive, hermetically shrouded as it is in its aluminum housing; but you may have noticed an exposed PC (printed circuit) board on the bottom.

This PC board is where the brains of a drive are found, including the I/O controller and firmware, embedded software that tells the hardware what to do and communicates with your PC. You'll also find the drive's buffer here. The buffer is a holding tank of memory for data that's waiting to be written or sent to your PC. As fast as a modern hard drive is, it's slow compared to the data flow its interface is capable of handling.

If you took apart a desktop hard drive, you'd typically see from one to four platters, each of which would be 3.5 inches in diameter. The diameter of the platters used in hard drives for mobile products vary from as little as 1 inch for drives that are used in music players and pocket hard drives to the 1.8-inch and 2.5-inch platters typically used in notebook hard drives. These platters, also known as disks, are coated on both sides with magnetically sensitive material, and stacked millimeters apart on a spindle. Also inside the drive is a motor that rotates the spindle and platters. The disks in hard drives used in notebooks spin at 4200, 5400, or 7200 revolutions per minute; desktop drives being manufactured these days spin their disks at 7200 or 10,000 rpm. Generally speaking, the faster the spin rate, the faster data can be read.

Magnetic Recording

Data is written and read as a series of bits, the smallest unit of digital data. Bits are either a 0 or a 1, or on/off state if you prefer. These bits are represented on a platter's surface by the longitudinal orientation of particles in the magnetically sensitive coating that are changed (written) or recognized (read) by the magnetic field of the read/write head. Data isn't just shoveled onto a hard drive raw, it's processed first, using a complex mathematical formula. The drive's firmware adds extra bits to the data that allow the drive to detect and correct random errors.

Rapidly replacing longitudinal magnetic recording in new drive manufacture is a process called perpendicular magnetic recording. (See visuals of these two technologies.) In this type of recording, the particles are arranged perpendicular to the platter's surface. In this orientation they can be packed closer together for greater density, with more data per square inch. More bits per inch also means more data flowing under the read/write head for faster throughput.

Information is written to and read from both sides of the platters using mechanisms mounted on arms that are moved mechanically back and forth between the center of the platter and its outer rim. This movement is called seeking, and the speed at which it's performed is the seek time. What the read/write heads are seeking is the proper track--one of the concentric circles of data on the drive. Tracks are divided up into logical units called sectors. Each sector has its own address (track number plus sector number), which is used to organize and locate data.

In the event a drive's read/write head doesn't arrive at the track it's seeking, you may experience what's called latency or rotational delay, which is most often stated as an average. This delay occurs before a sector spins underneath the read/write head, and after it reaches the proper track.

What's in an Interface?

Typically, PCs rely on either a PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) or SATA (Serial ATA) connection to a hard drive. You might even have both: Most modern motherboards offer both interfaces during the current period of transition from PATA to SATA; this arrangement is likely to continue for some time, as the PATA interface will remain necessary for connecting internal optical drives to the PC. The parallel in PATA means that data is sent in parallel down multiple data lines. SATA sends data serially up and down a single twisted pair.

PATA drives (also commonly called IDE drives) come in a variety of speeds. The original ATA interface of the 1980s supported a maximum transfer rate of 8.3MB per second--which was very fast for its time. ATA-2 boosted the maximum throughput to 16.6MBps. Subsequently, Ultra ATA arrived in 33MBps, 66MBps, 100MBps, and 133MBps flavors referred to as Ultra DMA-33 (Direct Memory Access) through Ultra DMA-133 or Ultra ATA-33 through Ultra ATA-133. The odds are overwhelming that you have Ultra ATA-66 or better unless your PC is more than seven years old. (Read "Timeline: 50 Years of Hard Drives" for an overview of how the technology has developed.)

You can typically recognize an ATA drive by its 2-inch-wide 40-wire or 80-wire cables, though some 40-pin cables are round. Desktop drives typically use a 40-pin connector; the extra wires on 80-wire cables are to physically separate the data wires to prevent crosstalk at ATA-100 and ATA-133 speeds. Notebooks with 2.5-inch drives use a 44-pin connector, and 1.8-inch drives use a 50-pin connector.

At 133MB per second, the ATA interface began to run into insurmountable technical challenges. In response to those challenges, the SATA interface was designed. At the moment, SATA comes in two flavors: 150MBps and 300MBps. Spec mongers may notice that those two versions are alternately referred to as 1.5-gigabit-per-second SATA and 3-gbps SATA, but the math seems a little fuzzy: 3 gbps divided by 8 (the number of bits in a byte) is 375MBps, not the 300MBps you'll see referred to. This is because the gigabits-per-second-speed is a signaling rate; 300MBps is the maximum transfer rate of the data. The roadmap for the interface sees speed doubling yet again. As it stands today, however, the sustained data transfer rate of single SATA hard drives is comfortably handled within the 150MBps spec. It takes a striped RAID, which feeds the data from two or more drives into the pipeline, to benefit from the greater bandwidth of a 300MBps interface.

SATA drives have a much thinner cable and smaller connectors than ATA drives, which allows for more connectors on motherboards and better airflow inside cases. And SATA simplifies setup by using a point-to-point topology, allowing one connection per port and cable. So gone are the jumpers and master/slave connections of PATA drives, where one cable would be used to connect two drives. And unlike PATA, SATA is also suitable for direct-attached external drives, allowing up to 2-meter-long cables on an interface (referred to as external SATA, or eSATA) that's significantly faster than USB 2.0 or FireWire. External SATA added a slightly different connector that's rated for more insertions and designed to lock in place, plus some additional error correction, but it is otherwise completely compatible.

One connection interface you hear less about these days is SCSI (for Small Computer System Interface). At one time, SCSI was a means to achieving faster performance from a desktop hard drive; however, the SATA connection has since replaced SCSI.

The Future of Hard Drives

Eventually, all desktop and mobile hard drives will use the SATA interface and perpendicular magnetic recording. Any new PC you look for should have a SATA interface at least; you can upgrade to a perpendicular drive later when prices fall. Expect capacities to continue to grow exponentially, and for performance to grow moderately. Read "The Hard Drive Turns 50" for a look at where hard drives have been, and where they're going.

Courtesy : http://bnjho.blogspot.in/

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United Nations (UN) – International Days List

UN's International Days

January
27 January – International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust

February
4 February – World Cancer Day [WHO]
6 February – International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation [WHO]
13 February – World Radio Day [UNESCO]
20 February – World Day of Social Justice
21 February – International Mother Language Day [UNESCO]

March
8 March – International Women's Day
20 March – International Day of Happiness
21 March – International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
21 March – World Poetry Day [UNESCO]
21 March – International Day of Nowruz
21 March – World Down Syndrome Day
21 March – International Day of Forests and the Tree
22 March – World Water Day
23 March – World Meteorological Day [WMO]
24 March – World Tuberculosis Day [WHO]
24 March – International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims
25 March – International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
25 March – International Day of Solidarity with Detained and Missing Staff Members

April
2 April – World Autism Awareness Day
4 April – International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action
7 April – Day of Remembrance of the Victims of the Rwanda Genocide
7 April – World Health Day [WHO]
12 April – International Day of Human Space Flight
22 April – International Mother Earth Day
23 April – World Book and Copyright Day [UNESCO]
25 April – World Malaria Day [WHO]
26 April – World Intellectual Property Day [WIPO]
28 April – World Day for Safety and Health at Work [ILO]
29 April – Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare
30 April – International Jazz Day

May
3 May – World Press Freedom Day
5 May – Day of Vesak
8-9 May – Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War
12-13 May – World Migratory Bird Day [UNEP]
15 May – International Day of Families
17 May – World Telecommunication and Information Society Day [ITU]
21 May – World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development
22 May – International Day for Biological Diversity
29 May – International Day of UN Peacekeepers
31 May – World No-Tobacco Day [WHO]

June
1 June – Global Day of Parents
4 June – International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
5 June – World Environment Day [UNEP]
8 June – World Oceans Day
12 June – World Day Against Child Labour [ILO]
14 June – World Blood Donor Day [WHO]
15 June – World Elder Abuse Awareness Day
17 June – World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought
20 June – World Refugee Day
23 June – United Nations Public Service Day
23 June – International Widow’s Day
25 June – Day of the Seafarer [IMO]
26 June – International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking
26 June – United Nations International Day in Support of Victims of Torture

July
6 July (First Saturday in July) – International Day of Cooperatives
11 July – World Population Day
18 July – Nelson Mandela International Day
28 July – World Hepatitis Day [WHO]
30 July – International Day of Friendship

August
9 August – International Day of the World's Indigenous People
12 August – International Youth Day
19 August – World Humanitarian Day
23 August – International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and Its Abolition [UNESCO]
29 August – International Day against Nuclear Tests
30 August – International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances

September
5 September – International Day of Charity
8 September – International Literacy Day [UNESCO]
10 September – World Suicide Prevention Day [WHO]
12 September – United Nations Day for South-South Cooperation
15 September – International Day of Democracy
16 September – International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
21 September – International Day of Peace
26 September (Last week of September) – World Maritime Day [IMO]
27 September – World Tourism Day [UNWTO]
28 September – World Rabies Day [WHO]
28 September (Last Saturday in September) – World Heart Day [WHO]

October
7 October (First Monday in October) – World Habitat Day
1 October – International Day of Older Persons
2 October – International Day of Non-Violence
5 October – World Teachers’ Day [UNESCO]
9 October – World Post Day
10 October – World Mental Health Day [WHO]
10 October (Second Thursday in October) – World Sight Day [WHO]
11 October – International Day of the Girl Child
13 October – International Day for Disaster Reduction
15 October – International Day of Rural Women
16 October – World Food Day [FAO]
17 October – International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
24 October – United Nations Day
24 October – World Development Information Day
27 October – World Day for Audiovisual Heritage [UNESCO]

November
6 November – International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict
10 November – World Science Day for Peace and Development [UNESCO]
12 November – World Pneumonia Day [WHO]
14 November – World Diabetes Day [WHO]
16 November – International Day for Tolerance
16 November – World Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Day [WHO]
18 November (Third Sunday in November) – World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims [WHO]
20 November – Universal Children’s Day
20 November – Africa Industrialization Day
21 November (Third Thursday in November) – World Philosophy Day [UNESCO]
21 November – World Television Day
25 November – International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
29 November – International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People

December
1 December – World AIDS Day
2 December – International Day for the Abolition of Slavery
3 December – International Day of Persons with Disabilities
5 December – International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development
7 December – International Civil Aviation Day [ICAO]
9 December – International Anti-Corruption Day
10 December – Human Rights Day
11 December – International Mountain Day
18 December – International Migrants Day
20 December – International Human Solidarity Day

Courtesy : http://allexamguru.blogspot.in

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Dearness Allowance is not only for Central Government employees..!

Dearness Allowance is not only for Central Government employees..!

It is a practice which has been followed till now that once in six months, according to the price index ,the rate of DA is being granted in the month of march and September for Government servants. It is not only now, the interest to know the rate of dearness allowance granted twice in a year has been there for the past several years.


Even before 20 years , the Government servants used to buy the monthly called ‘Swamy’s News’ eagerly and share the things they read in the book with others and debated on it.

Now it is quit natural that people forget the periodicals, monthly magazines that brings last month’s issues in this modern world in which information technology developed a lot and people have the facility to know the facts in and around the world immediately and share their thoughts through social media.

It is not right thinking that DA is a matter belongs to only the Central Government employees those who are around 80 Lakhs including Pensioners. Actually they are the reference points for entire state government employees and pensioners except very few states and their numerical strength may be beyond crores.

Whatever the rate of DA offered for central government employees, the state governments have no other go than to follow it.

The announcement on Dearness Allowance expected by central and state government employees and pensioners has been getting delayed is making unnecessary embracement. It is believed that not happened like this before.

Let us hope that there will not be further delay and it will be announced in next cabinet meeting positively.

Source: www.ekanews.blogspot.in
[http://ekanews.blogspot.in/2013/04/dearness-allowance-is-not-only-for.html]

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